taeniaeformis should follow the WAAVP guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics for dogs and cats (see Appendix A of Ref. The design and conduct of anthelmintic efficacy trials against T. taeniaeformis developed identical tegumental lesions, but the wall of the bladder containing the larva remained unaffected. 90 In both cases (in vitro and in vivo), strobilocerci of T. multilocularis (alveolar cysts) were studied after in vitro exposure to PZQ, and after in vivo treatment of their hosts with PZQ. taeniaeformis has also been investigated in vivo. The effect of anthelmintics on the tegument of T. Seventy-five days after experimental infection of the cats, necropsy yielded an average of 2.9 scolices (between 1 and 4) from the nine control cats subjected to euthanasia (Kok and Crafford, unpublished results). The cysts/metacestodes were mixed into soft food and fed to the cats. Suitable cysts were divided in equal doses, resulting in a dose of four metacestodes per cat. The cysts were dissected from the liver using a pinsette and small scissors. The mice infected by impregnated food yielded the best result (i.e., cysts were largest/best developed), followed by “stomach tube” infected mice (fewer well developed cysts), and lastly mice that received a few drops of concentrated solution (many small, poorly developed cysts). At 83-day PI, mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation and immediately dissected per cage. The last method involved administration of a few drops of concentrated egg solution (number of eggs not quantified) directly into the mouth (using a syringe) of each individual mouse (third cage). The second method involved administering ~100 eggs to individual mice using a syringe and plastic “stomach tube” (second cage). A concentrated solution containing infective eggs was dripped over dry mouse pellets (number of eggs not quantified, first cage). In an unpublished study, 3 methods of infection were employed in 3 separate cages containing 10 mice each. 89 Also, infective material from experimentally infected mice can in turn be used to infect cats for use in efficacy studies (personal communication between D.J. The SCID mice can be used to study larval development after inoculation with T. Kok DSc, in Parasiticide Screening, VolIn vivo method(s) The data show that the antitumor vascular-ablative effect of VEGF 121/rGel may be utilized not only for treating primary tumors but also for inhibiting metastatic spread and vascularization of metastases. The majority of lesions in the VEGF 121/rGel-treated mice (∼ 70%) were avascular whereas only 40% of lesions from the control group did not have vessels within the metastatic lung foci. The greatest impact on vascularization was observed on mid-size and extremely small tumors (62% and 69% inhibition, respectively) while large tumors demonstrated the least effect (10% inhibition). However, the observed effect was nonuniformly distributed by tumor colony size. The overall mean vascular density of lung colonies was reduced by 51% compared to the rGel-treated controls ( Fig. Treatment with VEGF 121/rGel but not with free rGel significantly reduced by between 42% and 58% both the number of colonies per lung and the size of the metastatic foci present in lung. Three weeks after termination of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed and their lungs were removed. Intraperitoneal rather than intravenous injection was chosen solely to prevent necrosis of the tail vein due to repeated injections. The molar equivalent of rGel (40 μg) was delivered at the same schedule. VEGF 121/rGel was delivered at 100 μg per dose intraperitoneally, six times total with the interval of 3 days, for a total dose of 31.5 mg/kg. The mice were randomly separated into two groups (6 mice per group) and were treated with either VEGF 121/rGel or rGel starting the 8th day after the injection of cells. Female SCID mice, aged 4–5 weeks, were injected in a tail vein with 0.1 ml of MDA-MB-231 cell suspension (5 × 10 5 cells).
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